A cladistic analysis of the Trichostrongyloidea (Nematoda).

A morphologically based cladistic analysis of 40 genera included within the Trichostrongyloidea (Amidostomatidae, Dromaeostrongylidae and Trichostrongylidae) is proposed. Two genera were used as outgroups, one from the Strongylina and the other from the Ancylostomatina. Seven genera do not appear in the matrix because some significant morphological characters remain unknown for these genera. Nonetheless, except for Moguranema which is excluded as incertae sedis, a likely systematic position could be assigned to them based on the morphological characters that are known. The classification which best fits the consensus tree is composed of three families. In adding the genera not included in the tree, we obtain: (i) Trichostrongylidae with three sub-families, Amidostomatinae (four genera), Filarinematinae (three genera) and Trichostrongylinae (five genera); (ii) Haemonchidae with two sub-families: Ostertagiinae (eight genera) and Haemonchinae (five genera); (iii) Cooperiidae with three sub-families: Libyostrongylinae (five genera), Obeliscoidinae n. subfam. (five genera) and Cooperiinae (ten genera). Dromaeostrongylus and Ortleppstrongylus, whose females have a caudal spine, are excluded from the Trichostrongyloidea and are placed in the Molineoidea. The hypotheses relating to the evolutionary history of the Trichostrongyloidea are: the origin of the superfamily could have occurred during the upper Cretaceous period. The two most ancient sub-families (Amidostomatinae and Filarinematinae) would be of Gwondwanan origin and evolved during the Paleocene period within Neotropical aquatic birds and within the Australian marsupials. The Trichostrongylinae would have arisen during the Eocene period within birds and then adapted to diverse archaic mammals in the Neotropical region on one hand and in the Nearctic region, on the other hand and lastly adapted to the Lagomorpha and subsequently to the Ruminantia. In both families originating from the Trichostrongylidae, the adaptation to the Lagomorpha may have taken place during the Oligocene but in a different way. In the Haemonchidae, the Ostertagiinae may have passed directly from the Neartic region to Europe. In the Cooperiidae, the adaptation to Lagomorpha may have occurred either within the Libyostrongylinae which may have remained in the Ethiopian region since the Paleocene, or, more likely, by the passage of the Obeliscoidinae from the Nearctic region to the Asian, through the Bering strait. In all cases, the adaptation of the Trichostrongyloidea of Lagomorpha to Ruminants apparently took place during the Miocene, mainly in the Palearctic and the Ethiopian regions.